Most essential features in PHP 8

What's new & Most Essential Features in PHP 8

# New features

·         Union Types

·       JIT

·       The nullsafe operator

·       Named Arguments

·       Attributes

·       Match Expressions

·       Constructor Property Promotion

·       New static return type

·       New mixed type

·       Throw expression

·       Inheritance with private methods

·       Weak Maps

·       Allowing ::class on objects

·       Non-capturing catches

·       Trailing comma in parameter lists

·       Create DateTime objects from interface

·       New Stringable interface

·       New str_contains() function

·       New str_starts_with() and str_ends_with() functions

·       New fdiv() function

·       New get_debug_type() function

·       New get_resource_id() function

·       Abstract methods in traits improvements

·       Object implementation of token_get_all()

·       Variable syntax tweaks

·       Type annotations for internal functions externals

·       ext-json always available

·       Just In Time Compilation

Let's start with all new features, it's quite a list!

#Union types rfc

Given the dynamically typed nature of PHP, there are lots of cases where union types can be useful. Union types are a collection of two or more types which indicate that either one of those can be used.

public function foo(Foo|Bar $input): int|float;

Note that void can never be part of a union type, since it indicates "no return value at all". Furthermore, nullable unions can be written using |null, or by using the existing ?  notation:

public function foo(Foo|null $foo): void;

public function bar(?Bar $bar): void;

#JIT rfc

The JIT — just in time — compiler promises significant performance improvements, albeit not always within the context of web requests. I've done my  own benchmarks  on real-life web applications, and it seems like the JIT doesn't make that much of a difference, if any, on those kinds of PHP projects.

#The nullsafe operator rfc

If you're familiar with the null coalescing operator you're already familiar with its shortcomings: it doesn't work on method calls. Instead you need intermediate checks, or rely on optional  helpers provided by some frameworks:

$startDate = $booking->getStartDate();

$dateAsString = $startDate ? $startDate->asDateTimeString() : null;

With the addition of the nullsafe operator, we can now have null coalescing-like behaviour on methods!

$dateAsString = $booking->getStartDate()?->asDateTimeString();

#Named arguments rfc

Named arguments  allow you to pass in values to a function, by specifying the value name, so that you don't have to take their order into consideration, and you can also skip optional parameters!

function foo(string $a, string $b, ?string $c = null, ?string $d = null) 

{ /* … */ }

foo(

    b: 'value b', 

    a: 'value a', 

    d: 'value d',

);

#Attributes rfc

Attributes , commonly known as annotations in other languages, offers a way to add meta data to classes, without having to parse docblocks.

As for a quick look, here's an example of what attributes look like, from the RFC:

use App\Attributes\ExampleAttribute;

#[ExampleAttribute]

class Foo

{

    #[ExampleAttribute]

    public const FOO = 'foo';

    #[ExampleAttribute]

    public $x;

    #[ExampleAttribute]

    public function foo(#[ExampleAttribute] $bar) { }

}

#[Attribute]

class ExampleAttribute

{

    public $value;

    public function __construct($value)

    {

        $this->value = $value;

    }

}

Note that this base Attribute used to be called PhpAttribute in the original RFC, but was changed with another RFC  afterwards. If you want to take a deep dive in how attributes work, and how you can build your own;

#Match expression rfc

You could call it the big brother of the switch expresion: match can return values, doesn't require break  statements, can combine conditions, uses strict type comparisons and doesn't do any type coercion.

It looks like this:

$result = match($input) {

    0 => "hello",

    '1', '2', '3' => "world",

};

#Constructor property promotion rfc

This RFC adds syntactic sugar to create value objects or data transfer objects. Instead of specifying class properties and a constructor for them, PHP can now combine them into one.

Instead of doing this:

class Money 

{

    public Currency $currency;

    public int $amount;

    public function __construct(

        Currency $currency,

        int $amount,

    ) {

        $this->currency = $currency;

        $this->amount = $amount;

    }

}

You can now do this:

class Money 

{

    public function __construct(

        public Currency $currency,

        public int $amount,

    ) {}

}

#New static return type rfc

While it was already possible to return self, static  wasn't a valid return type until PHP 8. Given PHP's dynamically typed nature, it's a feature that will be useful to many developers.

class Foo

{

    public function test(): static

    {

        return new static();

    }

}

#New mixed type rfc

Some might call it a necessary evil: the mixed  type causes many to have mixed feelings. There's a very good argument to make for it though: a missing type can mean lots of things in PHP:

·         A function returns nothing or null

·         We're expecting one of several types

·         We're expecting a type that can't be type hinted in PHP

Because of the reasons above, it's a good thing the mixed type is added. mixed  itself means one of these types:

·         array

·         bool

·         callable

·         int

·         float

·         null

·         object

·         resource

·         string

Note that mixed  can also be used as a parameter or property type, not just as a return type.

Also note that since mixed already includes null , it's not allowed to make it nullable. The following will trigger an error:

// Fatal error: Mixed types cannot be nullable, null is already part of the mixed type.

function bar(): ?mixed {}

#Throw expression rfc

This RFC changes throw  from being a statement to being an expression, which makes it possible to throw exception in many new places:

$triggerError = fn () => throw new MyError();

$foo = $bar['offset'] ?? throw new OffsetDoesNotExist('offset');

#Inheritance with private methods rfc

Previously, PHP used to apply the same inheritance checks on public, protected and private methods. In other words: private methods should follow the same method signature rules as protected and public methods. This doesn't make sense, since private methods won't be accessible by child classes.

This RFC changed that behaviour, so that these inheritance checks are not performed on private methods anymore. Furthermore, the use of final private function  also didn't make sense, so doing so will now trigger a warning:

Warning: Private methods cannot be final as they are never overridden by other classes

#Weak maps rfc

Built upon the weakrefs RFC that was added in PHP 7.4, a WeakMap implementation is added in PHP 8. WeakMap  holds references to objects, which don't prevent those objects from being garbage collected.

Take the example of ORMs, they often implement caches which hold references to entity classes to improve the performance of relations between entities. These entity objects can not be garbage collected, as long as this cache has a reference to them, even if the cache is the only thing referencing them.

If this caching layer uses weak references and maps instead, PHP will garbage collect these objects when nothing else references them anymore. Especially in the case of ORMs, which can manage several hundreds, if not thousands of entities within a request; weak maps can offer a better, more resource friendly way of dealing with these objects.

Here's what weak maps look like, an example from the RFC:

class Foo 

{

    private WeakMap $cache;

    public function getSomethingWithCaching(object $obj): object

    {

        return $this->cache[$obj]

           ??= $this->computeSomethingExpensive($obj);

    }

}

#Allowing ::class on objects rfc

A small, yet useful, new feature: it's now possible to use ::class on objects, instead of having to use get_class() on them. It works the same way as get_class() .

$foo = new Foo();

var_dump($foo::class);

#Non-capturing catches rfc

Whenever you wanted to catch an exception before PHP 8, you had to store it in a variable, regardless whether you used that variable or not. With non-capturing catches, you can omit the variable, so instead of this:

try {

    // Something goes wrong

} catch (MySpecialException $exception) {

    Log::error("Something went wrong");

}

You can now do this:

try {

    // Something goes wrong

} catch (MySpecialException) {

    Log::error("Something went wrong");

}

Note that it's required to always specify the type, you're not allowed to have an empty catch. If you want to catch all exceptions and errors, you can use Throwable  as the catching type.

#Trailing comma in parameter lists rfc

Already possible when calling a function, trailing comma support was still lacking in parameter lists. It's now allowed in PHP 8, meaning you can do the following:

public function(

    string $parameterA,

    int $parameterB,

    Foo $objectfoo,

) {

    // …

}

As a sidenote: trailing commas are also supported in the use list of closures, this was an oversight and now added via a separate RFC .

#Create DateTime  objects from interface

You can already create a DateTime object from a DateTimeImmutable object using DateTime::createFromImmutable($immutableDateTime), but the other way around was tricky. By adding DateTime::createFromInterface() and DatetimeImmutable::createFromInterface() there's now a generalised way to convert DateTime and DateTimeImmutable  objects to each other.

DateTime::createFromInterface(DateTimeInterface $other);

DateTimeImmutable::createFromInterface(DateTimeInterface $other);

#New Stringable interface rfc

The Stringable interface can be used to type hint anything that implements __toString(). Whenever a class implements __toString() , it automatically implements the interface behind the scenes and there's no need to manually implement it.

class Foo

{

    public function __toString(): string

    {

        return 'foo';

    }

}

function bar(string|Stringable $stringable) { /* … */ }

bar(new Foo());

bar('abc');

#New str_contains() function rfc

Some might say it's long overdue, but we finally don't have to rely on strpos()  anymore to know whether a string contains another string.

Instead of doing this:

if (strpos('string with lots of words', 'words') !== false) { /* … */ }

You can now do this

if (str_contains('string with lots of words', 'words')) { /* … */ }

#New str_starts_with() and str_ends_with() functions rfc

Two other ones long overdue, these two functions are now added in the core.

str_starts_with('haystack', 'hay'); // true

str_ends_with('haystack', 'stack'); // true

#New fdiv() function pr

The new fdiv() function does something similar as the fmod() and intdiv() functions, which allows for division by 0. Instead of errors you'll get INF, -INF or NAN , depending on the case.

#New get_debug_type() function rfc

get_debug_type() returns the type of a variable. Sounds like something gettype() would do? get_debug_type()  returns more useful output for arrays, strings, anonymous classes and objects.

For example, calling gettype() on a class \Foo\Bar would return object. Using get_debug_type()  will return the class name.

A full list of differences between get_debug_type() and gettype()  can be found in the RFC.

#New get_resource_id() function pr

Resources are special variables in PHP, referring to external resources. One example is a MySQL connection, another one a file handle.

Each one of those resources gets assigned an ID, though previously the only way to know that id was to cast the resource to int :

$resourceId = (int) $resource;

PHP 8 adds the get_resource_id()  functions, making this operation more obvious and type-safe:

$resourceId = get_resource_id($resource);

#Abstract methods in traits improvements rfc

Traits can specify abstract methods which must be implemented by the classes using them. There's a caveat though: before PHP 8 the signature of these method implementations weren't validated. The following was valid:

trait Test {

    abstract public function test(int $input): int;

}

class UsesTrait

{

    use Test;

    public function test($input)

    {

        return $input;

    }

}

PHP 8 will perform proper method signature validation when using a trait and implementing its abstract methods. This means you'll need to write this instead:

class UsesTrait

{

    use Test;

    public function test(int $input): int

    {

        return $input;

    }

}

#Object implementation of token_get_all() rfc

The token_get_all() function returns an array of values. This RFC adds a PhpToken class with a PhpToken::tokenize()  method. This implementation works with objects instead of plain values. It consumes less memory and is easier to read.

#Variable syntax tweaks rfc

From the RFC: "the Uniform Variable Syntax RFC resolved a number of inconsistencies in PHP's variable syntax. This RFC intends to address a small handful of cases that were overlooked."

#Type annotations for internal functions externals

Lots of people pitched in  to add proper type annotations to all internal functions. This was a long standing issue, and finally solvable with all the changes made to PHP in previous versions. This means that internal functions and methods will have complete type information in reflection.

#ext-json always available rfc

Previously it was possible to compile PHP without the JSON extension enabled, this is not possible anymore. Since JSON is so widely used, it's best developers can always rely on it being there, instead of having to ensure the extension exist first.

# Breaking changes

As mentioned before: this is a major update and thus there will be breaking changes. The best thing to do is take a look at the full list of breaking changes over at the UPGRADING  document.

Many of these breaking changes have been deprecated in previous 7.* versions though, so if you've been staying up-to-date over the years, it shouldn't be all that hard to upgrade to PHP 8.

#Consistent type errors rfc

User-defined functions in PHP will already throw TypeError, but internal functions did not, they rather emitted warnings and returned null . As of PHP 8 the behaviour of internal functions have been made consistent.

#Reclassified engine warnings rfc

Lots of errors that previously only triggered warnings or notices, have been converted to proper errors. The following warnings were changed.

·         Undefined variable: Error  exception instead of notice

·         Undefined array index: warning instead of notice

·         Division by zero: DivisionByZeroError  exception instead of warning

·         Attempt to increment/decrement property '%s' of non-object: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Attempt to modify property '%s' of non-object: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Attempt to assign property '%s' of non-object: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Creating default object from empty value: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Trying to get property '%s' of non-object: warning instead of notice

·         Undefined property: %s::$%s: warning instead of notice

·         Cannot add element to the array as the next element is already occupied: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Cannot unset offset in a non-array variable: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Cannot use a scalar value as an array: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Only arrays and Traversables can be unpacked: TypeError  exception instead of warning

·         Invalid argument supplied for foreach(): TypeError  exception instead of warning

·         Illegal offset type: TypeError  exception instead of warning

·         Illegal offset type in isset or empty: TypeError  exception instead of warning

·         Illegal offset type in unset: TypeError  exception instead of warning

·         Array to string conversion: warning instead of notice

·         Resource ID#%d used as offset, casting to integer (%d): warning instead of notice

·         String offset cast occurred: warning instead of notice

·         Uninitialized string offset: %d: warning instead of notice

·         Cannot assign an empty string to a string offset: Error  exception instead of warning

·         Supplied resource is not a valid stream resource: TypeError  exception instead of warning

# The @ operator no longer silences fatal errors

It's possible that this change might reveal errors that again were hidden before PHP 8. Make sure to set display_errors=Off  on your production servers!

# Default error reporting level

It's now E_ALL instead of everything but E_NOTICE and E_DEPRECATED . This means that many errors might pop up which were previously silently ignored, though probably already existent before PHP 8.

#Default PDO error mode rfc

From the RFC: The current default error mode for PDO is silent. This means that when an SQL error occurs, no errors or warnings may be emitted and no exceptions thrown unless the developer implements their own explicit error handling.

This RFC changes the default error will change to PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION  in PHP 8.

#Concatenation precedence rfc

While already deprecated in PHP 7.4, this change is now taken into effect. If you'd write something like this:

echo "sum: " . $a + $b;

PHP would previously interpret it like this:

echo ("sum: " . $a) + $b;

PHP 8 will make it so that it's interpreted like this:

echo "sum: " . ($a + $b);

#Stricter type checks for arithmetic and bitwise operators rfc

Before PHP 8, it was possible to apply arithmetic or bitwise operators on arrays, resources or objects. This isn't possible anymore, and will throw a TypeError :

[] % [42];

$object + 4;

#Namespaced names being a single token rfc

PHP used to interpret each part of a namespace (separated by a backslash \ ) as a sequence of tokens. This RFC changed that behaviour, meaning reserved names can now be used in namespaces.

#Saner numeric strings rfc

PHP's type system tries to do a lot of smart things when it encounters numbers in strings. This RFC makes that behaviour more consistent and clear.

#Saner string to number comparisons rfc

This RFC fixes the very strange case in PHP where 0 == "foo" results in true . There are some other edge cases like that one, and this RFC fixes them.

# Reflection changes

A few reflection methods have been deprecated:

·         ReflectionFunction::isDisabled()

·         ReflectionParameter::getClass()

·         ReflectionParameter::isCallable()

You should now use ReflectionType  to get information about a parameter's type:

$reflectionParameter->getType()->allowsNull();

If the type is a single type, ReflectionParameter::getType() returns an instance of ReflectionNamedType , which you can get its name from and whether it's built-in:

$reflectionParameter->getType()->getName();

$reflectionParameter->getType()->isBuiltin();

If the type is a union type however, you'll get an instance of ReflectionUnionType, which can give you an array of ReflectionNamedType  like so:

$reflectionParameter->getType()->getTypes();

Checking whether a type is a union or not can be done with an instanceof  check:

if ($reflectionParameter->getType() instanceof ReflectionNamedType) { 

    // It's a single type

}

if ($reflectionParameter->getType() instanceof ReflectionUnionType) {

    // It's a union type

}

Next up, three method signatures of reflection classes have been changed:

ReflectionClass::newInstance($args);

ReflectionFunction::invoke($args);

ReflectionMethod::invoke($object, $args);

Have now become:

ReflectionClass::newInstance(...$args);

ReflectionFunction::invoke(...$args);

ReflectionMethod::invoke($object, ...$args);

The upgrading guide specifies that if you extend these classes, and still want to support both PHP 7 and PHP 8, the following signatures are allowed:

ReflectionClass::newInstance($arg = null, ...$args);

ReflectionFunction::invoke($arg = null, ...$args);

ReflectionMethod::invoke($object, $arg = null, ...$args);

#Stable sorting rfc

Before PHP 8, sorting algorithms were unstable. This means that the order of equal elements wasn't guaranteed. PHP 8 changes the behaviour of all sorting functions to stable sorting.

#Fatal error for incompatible method signatures rfc

From the RFC: Inheritance errors due to incompatible method signatures currently either throw a fatal error or a warning depending on the cause of the error and the inheritance hierarchy.

# Other deprecations and changes

During the PHP 7.* development, several deprecations were added that are now finalised in PHP 8.

·         Deprecations in PHP 7.2

·         Deprecations in PHP 7.3

·         Deprecations in PHP 7.4

Locale-independent float to string cast